Article 1169

Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation.

However, the demand by the creditor shall not be necessary in order that delay may exist:

(1) When the obligation or the law expressly so declare; or

(2) When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling motive for the establishment of the contract; or

(3) When demand would be useless, as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform.

In reciprocal obligations, neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other begins. (1100a)

Ang mga obligadong mag hatid o magsagawa ng isang bagay ay mababalam mula sa oras na ang obligee ay judicially o extra judicially na hiningi na maisagawa o maihatid ang bagay na ito.

Ngunit, ang paghingi o pag demand ng obligee o ng nagpautang ay hindi kinakailangan upang masabi na mayroon nang balam sa mga sitwasyon na ito:

1. Kapag nakasaad ito sa obligasyon o sa batas.
2. Kapag ayon sa kallikasan ng obligasyon na ang pag tatakda ng oras ay ang nag cocontrol na motibo ng pagtatala ng kontrata.
3. Kapag ang demand o paghingi ay walang bisa. Katulad ng pagkakataon na naisakatuparan na ng obligor ang bagay na ito ng higit pa sa kakayahan nyang maikumpleto o maisakatuparan ito.

Sa reciprocal obligations, wala sa sino mang piging ay mababalam kung ang isa ay hindi isasakatuparan o hindi handa na isagawa ang bagay na ito sa tamang paraan. Kapag nagawa na ng isang piging ang kanyang obligasyon, ang balam ng isa ay magsisimula.

The delay contemplated in the article is legal delay or default and not ordinary delay. To put an obligor in default (or mora), there must be demand made upon him for the performance of the obligation either judicially or extrajudicially.

Demand is not necessary to place the obligor in default under the following circumstances:

1. When the law or obligation expressly declares;
2. When from the nature of the contract, it appears that the time is of the essence and this is the motivating factor in the establishment of the contract;
3. When demand would be useless;
4. When the debtor admits, he is in default.

Classes of Default

1. Mora solvendi – the default on the part of the debtor/obligor;
2. Mora accipiendi – the default on the part of the creditor/obligee;
3. Compensatio morae – the default on the part of both the debtor/obligor and creditor/obligee which arises in reciprocal obligations the effect is the default of one party neutralizes the default of the other.