Article 1166

The obligation to give a determinate thing includes that of delivery of all its accessions and accessories, even thouh they may not have been mentioned. (1097a)

Kasama sa obligasyon na magbigay ng determinadong bagay ang pagbibigay ng lahat ng accessions at accessories nito kahit na hindi sila nabanggit.

Discussion:

Accession – includes everything produced by a thing, as well as all incorporated or attached with it, may it be natural or artificial

Accession discreta – right to the fuits

Accession continua – includes both accession natural (i.e. alluvial deposits) and accession industrial (i.e. those built, planted or sowed on the land of the landowner)

Accessories – includes things that are united or attached as ornaments to the principal thing, for the latter’s use or perfection (i.e. spare tire of a car, television antennas, cellphone chargers, moviehouse chairs, etc.)

Note: Although the delivery of determinate thing includes all its accessions and accessories, the parties in the contract may stipulate that certain accessions or accessories may not be included in the delivery.  Both parties have the freedom to stipulate such things.

Article 1176

The receipt of the principal by the creditor without reservation with respect to the interest, shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid.

The receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservation as to prior installments, shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid. (1110a)

Ang pagtanggap ng prinsipal ng pinagkautangan nang walang reserbasyon sa interest ay magbibigay ng pag-aakala na na ang nabanggit na interes ay bayad na.

Ang pagtanggap ng pabaha-bahagyang kabayaran nang walang reserbasyon sa naunang installment ay magbibigay rin ng pag-aakala na ang installment ay bayad na.

Discussion:

A receipt issued by the lessor dated June 1, 1904 to the lessee convering the rent for the month, shows that the rent for the prior month (May) had already been paid.  The presumption is rebuttle and not conclusive.

Article 1177

The creditors, after having pursued the property in possession of the debtor to satisfy their claims, may exercise all the rights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose, save those which are inherent in his person; they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them. (1111)

Ang mga pinagkakautangan, pagkatapos ipaglaban ang kanyang pagmamay-ari na nasa may utang upang ma-satisfy ang claims nito ay maaaring gamitin ang kanyang karapatan na dalhin lahat ng aksyon ng may utang para sa katulad na layunin, maliban na lamang sa mga likas na karapatan sa isang tao; maaari rin nilang ikondena ang mga aksyon na ginawa ng may utang upang lokohin sila.

Discussion:

Accion subrogatoria is an action where the creditor hose claims had not been fully satisfied, may go after the debtors (third persons) of the defendant-debtor.

Accion pauliana is an action where the creditor files an action in court for the rescission of acts or contracts entered into by the debtor designed to defraud the former.